International Medieval Congress
The International Medieval Congress is organised in Leeds from July 1st to 4th in 2019. The IMC provides an interdisciplinary forum for the discussion of all aspects of Medieval Studies and not only several special thematic focus but also almost any topics related to the proposals of Middle Ages could be discussed and presented in Leeds. Since its inception in 1994 the IMC has brought researchers from different countries, backgrounds, and disciplines together, providing opportunities for networking and professional development in an open and inclusive environment. This IMC is administered by the Institute for Medieval Studies at the University of Leeds and takes place here on the main University campus.
国际中世纪大会于2019年7月1日至4日在利兹举行。IMC为讨论中世纪研究的各个方面提供了一个跨学科论坛，不仅可以讨论几个特殊的主题，而且几乎可以在利兹商讨和介绍与中世纪有关的任何主题。自1994年成立以来，IMC将来自不同国家、不同背景和不同学科的研究人员聚集在一起，为在开放和包容的环境中进行社交和专业发展提供了机会。该IMC由利兹大学中世纪研究所主办，并在主要大学校园内进行。
The IMC provides spaces and opportunities for medievalists throughout the world to network, socialise and discuss and normally the IMC could attract around 3,000 Middle Ages researchers to attend. Medievalists have the opportunities to propose their latest researches, discuss individual thoughts from different perspectives and network with members from different countries to further explore from the academy perspective. Almost all participants who would like to propose their thoughts and papers achieve opportunities to present their papers in public and discuss with professional medievalists around the world.
IMC为全世界的中世纪研究学者提供了交流、社交和讨论的空间和机会，通常IMC可以吸引大约3000名中世纪研究学者参加。中世纪研究学者有机会提出自己的最新研究，从不同的角度讨论个人的想法，并与来自不同国家的成员建立联系，从学术的角度进一步探讨。几乎所有想提出自己想法和论文的参与者都有机会公开发表论文，并与世界各地的专业中世纪研究学者进行讨论。
The IMC also hosts a wide series of concerts, exhibitions and excursions, which are open to delegates and the public alike. The IMC as one of the largest academic conference of Medieval Studies in Europe, not only attracts professional medievalists to explore the Middle Ages in terms of academy but also attract many staff, students and local residents to know more about the history, life and stories of Middle Ages and encourage more people to be interested in Medieval Studies successfully.
IMC还举办了一系列不同主题的音乐会、展览和短途旅行，向代表和公众开放。作为欧洲最大的中世纪研究学术会议之一，IMC不仅吸引了专业的中世纪研究学者从学术角度探索中世纪，而且吸引了许多工作人员、学生和当地居民对中世纪和欧洲的历史、生活和故事有更多的了解，在此过程中，鼓励并培养更多的人成功地对中世纪的研究感兴趣。
I also attended an excursion organised by the IMC and excursions normally are located in surrounding regions of fascinating medieval sites and resources in Yorkshire. The IMC excursions provide me a fantastic experience about the Middle Ages across the North of England through exploring in secular and religious sites. I attended a trip to Towton Battlefield with the guides from the Battlefield Society.
我还参加了由IMC组织的一次旅行，旅行通常位于约克郡迷人的中世纪遗址和资源的周边地区。IMC远足通过在世俗和宗教场所的探索，为我提供了一个关于英格兰北部中世纪的奇妙体验。我和战场协会的导游一起去了汤顿战场。
Towton was an event of the greatest importance for England. It was the final and decisive battle in the first of a series of English civil wars, collectively known as the Wars of the Roses that took place between 1455 and 1487. When the wars began, England was a medieval country, but after their conclusion, the victorious Tudor dynasty would make England a distinctly different nation state.
汤顿战役是英格兰最重要的事件之一。在1455年至1487年之间发生的一系列英国内战（统称为玫瑰战争）中，汤顿战役是最后一场决定性的战斗。当战争开始时，英格兰是一个中世纪国家，但在战争结束之后，胜利的都铎王朝将使英格兰成为一个截然不同的民族国家。
In the battle of Towton, there were two rival Kings which were Henry VI of the House of Lancaster and Edward IV of the House of York. On that day, the future of their dynasties would be decided. The magnitude of the battle was reflected by the proportion of the population involved. Professor Charles Ross, one of the most eminent historians of the period, estimated that one-tenth of all Englishmen and Welshmen eligible to fight (those aged between sixteen and sixty) were present on the battlefield.
在汤顿战役中，有两个敌对的国王，分别是兰开斯特宫的亨利六世和约克家族的爱德华四世。在那一天，他们王朝的未来将会被决定。 战争的规模反映在所涉人口的比例上。查理斯罗斯教授，这一时期最杰出的历史学家之一，估计十分之一有资格参加战斗的所有英国人和威尔士人（年龄在16至60岁之间）全部出现在战场上。
Towton was certainly a unique event which claims to be the biggest, longest, bloodiest and the most brutal battle on English soil. The size of the two forces had expanded exponentially during the First War of the Roses, so had their viciousness, which by the time of Towton had moved beyond victorious nobles taking swift revenge on defeated rivals and expanded to encompass retribution amongst the common soldiery. Thus when one side, finally and after many hours of fighting, broke in flight and found itself trapped on the battlefield, there was little chance of escape and none of surrender. That, taken with the killing power of the medieval longbow at the onset of the battle helps to explain such extraordinary casualty figures. It also explains the resonant names of places on the battlefield such as Bloody Meadow and the Bridge of Bodies.
汤顿无疑是独一无二的事件，它声称是英国土地上最大，最长，最血腥和最残酷的战斗。在第一次玫瑰战争期间，这两股势力的规模呈指数型增长，因此他们的恶毒程度已经超越了胜利的贵族，迅速报复被击败的竞争对手，并扩大到包括普通军人的报复。因此，当一方，最后和经过数小时的战斗，在飞行中破裂并发现自己被困在战场上时，几乎没有机会逃脱，也没有投降。在战斗开始时，中世纪长弓的杀戮力量有助于解释这些罕见的伤亡人数。它还解释了战场上的某些特定地名，例如血腥草甸和身体之桥。
HONGKANG ZHANG